Jet fuel is not gasoline; its composition is rather similar to Diesel fuel. Jet fuel specifications put stricter limits on certain impurities than Diesel fuel used for cars, to avoid residue deposits in the costly engines. It also has a lower freezing point due to the cold temperatures at cruise altitude. A bunch of aviation-specific additives are added as well.
Jet fuel usually conforms to Jet A (in the U.S.) or Jet A-1 specifications (in most other countries). These are mostly compatible, Jet A-1 having a slightly lower freezing point, and planes can use both. Russia and the other ex-USSR countries use TS-1, which is again compatible with an even lower freezing point, as Russian carriers often operate in pretty cold weather.
For use in extremely cold conditions such as Alaska and northern Canada, there's also a special fuel called Jet B, which is 70% gasoline to reduce the freezing point further, but it's also more flammable than Jet A and thus less safe in handling and in case of accidents. I think it's used rarely and mostly in the military.